Implementing Data Privacy by Design in Database Systems

Design a comprehensive guide on implementing data privacy by design in database systems, focusing on best practices for embedding privacy measures. Include strategies to ensure compliance with regulations such as GDPR and CCPA. Cover the following aspects:

1. **Schema Design:** Provide tips for designing database schemas that support data minimization and anonymization.
2. **Data Encryption:** Outline methods to encrypt sensitive data at rest and in transit.
3. **Access Controls:** Describe effective access control mechanisms to limit data access based on user roles.
4. **Audit Logs:** Explain how to implement audit logging for tracking data access and modifications.
5. **Data Retention Policies:** Suggest policies for data retention and automated deletion to comply with legal requirements.
6. **Privacy Impact Assessments:** Include guidelines for conducting privacy impact assessments during the database development process.
7. **Regular Compliance Audits:** Recommend practices for regular audits to ensure ongoing compliance with privacy regulations.

Please tailor these guidelines for database tools like PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite, and provide example queries or configurations where applicable.